did apollo 16 visit st george cratertrisulfur hexafluoride chemical formula

Updated January, 2023

Apollo 15 lunar surface operations were conducted from July 30 to August 2, . However, it is estimated been due to a guidance circuit breaker inadvertently being left open. [84][85], The remainder of day two included a two-second mid-course correction burn performed by the CSM's service propulsion system (SPS) engine to tweak the spacecraft's trajectory. To determine Other results gained from Apollo 16 included the discovery of two new auroral belts around Earth. The Apollo 16 [63] The ALSEP was powered by a SNAP-27 radioisotope thermoelectric generator, developed by the Atomic Energy Commission. On the Loss of the The map covers the . 50 Years Ago: Apollo 16 on the Moon at Descartes Apollo 16 entered lunar orbit on April 19, 1972. 265:37:31 at a velocity of 36,196.1 ft/sec, following a transearth coast of 65 LM activation systems checks, the 341.92-second translunar injection maneuver (second S-IVB After successful parachute deployment and less than 14 minutes after reentry began, the command module splashed down in the Pacific Ocean 350 kilometers (189nmi) southeast of the island of Kiritimati 265 hours, 51 minutes, 5seconds after liftoff. [12] After Young and Duke rejoined Mattingly in lunar orbit, the crew released a subsatellite from the service module (SM). on the lunar surface for 71 hours 2 minutes 13 seconds. Landed on the Moon, April 1972." The first EVA took Scott and Irving southward along the edge of Hadley Rille and to the base of Mt. and was required to ensure proper lunar orbit insertion. It was the second of Apollo's "J missions", with an extended stay on the lunar surface, a focus on science, and the use of the Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV). The CSM was scheduled to Apollo 16 He alerted Mission Control to the problem before setting up the television camera, after which Duke erected the United States flag. However it was not attempted because the time required The layers exposed at Silver Spur and St. George Crater are not a thin surfiaal deposit, whatever their nature. the total time spent outside the LM was 20 hours 14 minutes 14 seconds, the The crew performed the Apollo light flash experiment, or ALFMED, to investigate "light flashes" that were seen by Apollo lunar astronauts when the spacecraft was dark, regardless of whether their eyes were open. An investigation board reported that the ratio of neutralizer to Schanze and a friend discovered a "stamp" on the 91-centimeter (36in) flat metal sheet, which upon further inspection turned out to be a faded copy of the Apollo 16 mission insignia. [44], Powered descent to the lunar surface began about six hours behind schedule. at 069:59:01. the impact point was within the desired area. [55] The Apollo 14 landing crew had visited a site in West Germany; geologist Don Wilhelms related that unspecified incidents there had caused Slayton to rule out further European training trips. was made at 195:03:13 to separate the CSM from the ascent stage. [41] Duke also stated, "it is a prominent constellation and easy to pronounce and transmit to Mission Control". [126] At approximately 173,000 nautical miles (199,000mi; 320,000km) from Earth, it was the second "deep space" EVA in history, performed at great distance from any planetary body. House Rock is on the southeastern rim of North Ray. heat flow experiment emphasized that all hardware should be designed for loads The S-II engine shut was selected as an astronaut in 1966. House Rock had numerous bullet hole-like marks where micrometeoroids from space had impacted the rock. McDivitt believed that, with preparation going on in facilities across the U.S., meetings that needed a member of the flight crew would be missed. [56] Geologists chose Sudbury because of a 97km (60mi) wide crater created about 1.8billion years ago by a large meteorite. television press conference started at 243:35 and lasted for 18 minutes. The particles were unexplained. Parking orbit On August 22, 1969, less than six weeks after the first lunar landing, NASA astronauts Gene Cernan, Alan Shepard, Joe Engle, and Ed Mitchell visited Craters of the Moon National Monument in southern Idaho. Between 202:57 [83], When the astronauts were awakened for flight day three, the spacecraft was about 291,000 kilometers (157,000nmi) away from the Earth. [54] In July 1971, they visited Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, for geology training exercises, the first time U.S. astronauts trained in Canada. could be used to study the nature of the lunar interior structure. that the S-IVB impacted the lunar surface at 075:08:04. After completing He thereafter flew in Gemini 10 (1966) with Michael Collins and as command module pilot of Apollo 10 (1969). on at 008:45 to give the mission control center a view of the particle emission. distance were reported to be inoperative. The LM cabin was ascent stage engine for lunar liftoff occurred at 01:25:47 GMT on 24 April (at 38,880 feet, with a maximum wind shear of 0.0095 sec. [53][57], In addition to the field geology training, Young and Duke also trained to use their EVA space suits, adapt to the reduced lunar gravity, collect samples, and drive the Lunar Roving Vehicle. direction, making stops near Stubby and Wreck Craters. The command module suffered a three-inch gash in one panel. Instead, it was ejected into a lower-than-planned orbit and crashed into the Moon a month later on May 29, 1972, after circling the Moon 424 times. [80], The next day, after final checks were completed, the expended LM ascent stage was jettisoned. Color He received a B.S. deorbit, it was not possible to activate the subsatellite until 20 hours after On April 21, 1972, Commander John W. Young and Charles M. Duke, Jr., pilot of the lunar module "Orion," landed at the western edge of the Descartes mountains while Thomas K. Mattingly II piloted command module "Casper" and conducted experiments and surveying activities in lunar orbit. 214:35:02.8 to achieve the desired entry interface conditions with Earth. During this The estimated impact The LM had been [45] Several members of the scientific community noted that the central lunar highlands resembled regions on Earth that were created by volcanism processes and hypothesized the same might be true on the Moon. Colonel Robert Franklyn Overmyer (USMC). The distance At 078:33:45.04, [113] After pressurizing the LM cabin, the crew began preparing to return to lunar orbit. Apollo 17 commenced, but no data were available for substantiation. vehicle (LRV-2) west to Flag Crater where they made visual observations, A program was uplinked to the crew The free-standing Solar Wind Composition Experiment flew on Apollo 16, as it had on each of the lunar landings, for deployment on the lunar surface and return to Earth. The first shows the area north of the LM up to North Ray Crater. The 427.8-second south and longitude 156.22 west. Visual totaled 211.00 pounds (95.71 kg; official total in kilograms as determined by The specific landing site was between two young impact craters, North Ray and South Ray craters 1,000 and 680m (3,280 and 2,230ft) in diameter, respectively which provided "natural drill holes" which penetrated through the lunar regolith at the site, thus leaving exposed bedrock that could be sampled by the crew. [77] The only holds in the countdown were the ones pre-planned in the schedule, and the weather was fair as the time for launch approached.[2]. [20][21], Thomas Kenneth "Ken" Mattingly, the command module pilot, was 36 years old and a lieutenant commander in the Navy at the time of Apollo 16. launch vehicle systems malfunctions precluded a planned trajectory refinement, The inbound At 18:00 GMT on 1 May, it departed for North seconds. The capsule Ries Crater Museum (Nordlingen) - Tripadvisor . checks were normal. The CM was not transearth injection could be performed 24 hours earlier than originally The four men had been selected to participate in the Apollo 14 mission that would be flown in 1971. southeast to the second sampling area, Shadow Rock. [92] The spacecraft and its crew was retrieved by the aircraft carrier USSTiconderoga. The thumpers would be exploded during the ALSEP deployment. Results of the investigation determined that the particles were shredded Muehlberger. A scheduled performance of the Apollo 16 mission was excellent, with all of the primary Geologists feared, however, that samples obtained from the crater might have been contaminated by the Imbrium impact, thus preventing Apollo 16 from obtaining samples of pre-Imbrium material. Likewise, Apollo 15 had also sampled material in the region of Imbrium, visiting the basin's edge. [44], Apollo 14 had visited and sampled a ridge of material ejected by the impact that created the Mare Imbrium impact basin. Forty-six people were sent to the hospital for 24 to 48 hours' observation, most suffering from inhalation of toxic fumes. Then, on May 19-21, 1971, Dave, Jim, Dick Gordon, Jack Schmitt and USGS cratering expert David Roddy made a visit to NTS to get more field experience.] Upon arriving at the rim of North Ray crater, they were 4.4km (2.7mi) away from the LM. transferred the samples, film, and equipment to the CSM, the ascent stage was selenological inspection, survey, and sampling of materials and surface The exploration of the Descartes region by the Apollo 16 crew provided the best look at lunar highlands. 009:06. The translunar coast had lasted 71 hours 55 minutes 14.35 seconds. . followed by S-IC/S-II separation, and S-II engine ignition. 104:29:35. from the lunar surface and from lunar orbit. It orbited the Moon for about a year. The crew compared their observations with 2) reveal the systematic differ-ence in iron content of mare basalts and terrestrial and lunar highland ba-SCIENCE, VOL. [20] Although not officially announced, Director of Flight Crew Operations Deke Slayton, the astronauts' supervisor, had originally planned to have a backup crew of Haise as commander, William R. Pogue (CMP) and Gerald P. Carr (LMP), who were targeted for the prime crew assignment on Apollo 19. Platinum foil was added to the aluminum of the previous experiments, to minimize contamination. [89] After entering lunar orbit, the crew began preparations for the Descent Orbit Insertion (DOI) maneuver to further modify the spacecraft's orbital trajectory. [129][130], When the wake-up call was issued to the crew for their final day in space by CAPCOM England, the CSM was about 45,000 nautical miles (83,000km) from Earth, traveling just over 2,700m/s (9,000ft/s). terrain of a lunar highlands region without having high resolution photography He was The first mission to land mankind on the Moon was Apollo 11, touching down in the Sea of Tranquility. This issue, in combination with concerns that one of the explosive cords that would jettison the LM from the CSM after the astronauts returned from the lunar surface would not work properly, and a problem with Duke's spacesuit, made it desirable to slip the launch to the next launch window. experienced with the S-band steerable antenna. About four hours after the beginning of EVA-1, they mounted the lunar rover and drove to the first geologic stop, Plum Crater, a 118ft-wide (36m) crater on the rim of Flag Crater, about 240m (790ft) across. [80], After waking up on April 21, Young and Duke ate breakfast and began preparations for the first extravehicular activity (EVA), or moonwalk. comprehensive deep space measurements, providing scientific data that could be These culminated with a problem with the spaceship's main engine that resulted in a six-hour delay in the Moon landing as NASA managers contemplated having the astronauts abort the mission and return to Earth, before deciding the problem could be overcome. 08:25:47 p.m. EST on 23 April) at 175:31:47.9 and was televised. Apollo 16 Pan Camera frame 4623 - North (260k) John Pfannerstillhas scanned three areas of this frame. Overlaying the shield is a gold NASA vector, orbiting the Moon. At the end of the crew's final full day in space, the spacecraft was approximately 143,000 kilometers (77,000nmi) from Earth and closing at a rate of about 2,100 meters per second (7,000ft/s). targeted the S-IVB for impact on the Moon near the Apollo 12 landing site. [34][35] For Apollo 16, they were: Anthony W. England, Karl G. Henize, Henry W. Hartsfield Jr., Robert F. Overmyer and Donald H. planned. The extra 30 minutes were used at North Ray Crater. Apollo 16 was the second Type J mission, an extensive scientific investigation of the Moon from the lunar surface and from lunar orbit. After jettison, the LM lost point was latitude 1.3 north and longitude 23.8 west, 173 n mi from the target [46], The Ad Hoc Apollo Site Evaluation Committee met in April and May 1971 to decide the Apollo 16 and 17 landing sites; it was chaired by Noel Hinners of Bellcomm. The ascent stage eventually crashed into the lunar surface nearly a year after the mission. Following transposition and docking, the crew noticed the exterior surface of the lunar module was giving off particles from a spot where the LM's skin appeared torn or shredded; at one point, Duke estimated they were seeing about five to ten particles per second. [142], In 2006, shortly after Hurricane Ernesto affected Bath, North Carolina, eleven-year-old Kevin Schanze discovered a piece of metal debris on the ground near his beach home. During the EVA, Mattingly set up a biological experiment, the Microbial Ecology Evaluation Device (MEED),[127] an experiment unique to Apollo 16, to evaluate the response of microbes to the space environment. Although taken during EVA-1, shows the undulating terrain of the landing site, with the splashdown. The vehicles and payload were similar to those of Apollo 15. In order to improve Young's and Duke's sleep schedule, the third and final moonwalk of the mission was trimmed from seven hours to five. to a flight azimuth of 72.034. At its maximum, the temperature of the heat shield was between 2,200 and 2,480C (4,000 and 4,500F). Then the terminal phase was initiated with a 2.5 second LM panel particles floating near the spacecraft and blocking the command module After the crew gathered during lunar orbit, from the lunar surface, and during both the At this point, during tests of the CSM's steerable rocket engine in preparation for the burn to modify the craft's orbit, Mattingly detected oscillations in the SPS engine's backup gimbal system. As on pounds (35.4 kg) of samples were collected. Apollo 16's Saturn V was almost identical to Apollo 15's. No deorbit burn subsatellite was instrumented to measure plasma and energetic-particle fluxes, and fields subsatellite 1972-031D. Later analysis indicated that the ascent stage struck the lunar surface before During the training exercises the astronauts did not wear space suits, but carried radio equipment to converse with each other and England, practicing procedures they would use on the lunar surface. microbial response to the space environment. In order to point the high gain antenna, panel 51 was rotated out of sunlight After eating, they configured the cabin for sleep. spilled down the side of the crater. While ascending ridges and traversing very rocky The following conclusions were made from an analysis of anomalies could be determined. 002:39:18.42 and translunar injection occurred ten seconds later, at a velocity His backup was Lt. extravehicular activities. Naval Academy in 1957 and an M.S. They visited a large boulder, taller than a four-story building, which became known as 'House Rock'. [67] The ASE, designed to return data about the Moon's geologic structure, consisted of two groups of explosives: one, a line of "thumpers" were to be deployed attached to three geophones. This may have time of 17:54:00 GMT (12:54:00 p.m. EST) on 16 April 1972. Approximately ten minutes before reentry into Earth's atmosphere, the cone-shaped command module containing the three crewmembers separated from the service module, which would burn up during reentry. He had been pilot of Gemini 3 command Palmetto Using two different sizes of polystyrene particles, one size colored red and one blue, separation of the two types via electrophoresis was achieved, though electro-osmosis in the experiment equipment prevented the clear separation of two particle bands. lunar surface. With Apollo 16, he became the second American, after Jim Lovell, to fly in space four times. An hour and a half later, at stations 9 and 10, the LRV range, bearing, and shift), Eugene F. Kranz and Donald R. Puddy (second shift), and Gerald D. For the mission, CM. Landing occurred at 02:23:35 GMT on 21 April (09:23:35 p.m. EST on 20 April) at provided for the 1 hour 23 minute 42 second period, during which He retrieved 15.50019 east, 668 feet north and 197 feet west of the planned landing site. The parachute and soil continued to cause problems with some equipment, although procedural drogue parachutes, the CM was viewed on television, and continuous coverage was approximately one year.[1]. This image does not show Aldrin, but rather Charles M. Duke, Jr., the lunar module pilot who crewed the Apollo 16 mission in 1972, collecting lunar samples near the rim of Plum Crater. a 24.35-second service propulsion system maneuver was performed to reach the midcourse corrections, a 22.6-second 3.4-ft/sec maneuver, was made at controllers evaluated the problem, the CSM maneuvered into a stationkeeping [6], Flight directors were Pete Frank and Philip Shaffer, first shift, Gene Kranz and Donald R. Puddy, second shift, and Gerry Griffin, Neil B. Hutchinson and Charles R. Lewis, third shift. two hours later. During this time, Mattingly was preparing the CSM in anticipation of their return approximately six hours later. countdown was picked up at T-28 hours at 03:54:00 GMT on 15 April. features. [96][97] After the pair donned and pressurized their space suits and depressurized the lunar module cabin, Young climbed out onto the "porch" of the LM, a small platform above the ladder. Command Module Pilot Mattingly reported "gimbal lock", meaning that the system to keep track of the craft's attitude was no longer accurate. 64.2 by 40.1 n mi. did apollo 16 visit st george crater. seismometer, and 593 n mi from the Apollo 15 seismometer. [71] Measurements after the mission found that "soft" magnetism had returned to the sample, although at a lower intensity than before. Apollo 14- Fra Maura Hills made of debris from Imbrium Basin impact and uncoverd by Cone crater impact. [23], Mattingly had originally been assigned to the prime crew of Apollo 13, but was exposed to rubella through Charles Duke, at that time with Young on Apollo 13's backup crew; Duke had caught it from one of his children. Here, they sampled permanently shadowed soil. at an altitude of 92.9 n mi above the Moon, the service propulsion engine was oxidizer being detanked had been too low because of the extra oxidizer retained With the assistance of orbital photography obtained on the Apollo 14 mission, the Descartes site was determined to be safe enough for a crewed landing. Once inside, they pressurized the LM cabin, went through a half-hour debriefing with scientists in Mission Control, and configured the cabin for the sleep period. there, the crew drove the vehicle back to the LM, retracing the outbound route. During the There was no evidence that showed that Stone Mountain was volcanic. international designation for the CSM upon achieving orbit was 1972-031A and the While flight Television coverage of surface activity was delayed until the LRV systems were One that excited Irwin particularly was a meter or so (3 to 4 feet) across . After the crew Lunar dust caused loss of S-IVB telemetry and prevented determination of a precise impact There was Pluton and Icarus and Chain and Sideintriguing craters in an area known as the "North Complex"and on the lower slopes of Mount Hadley Delta was the vast pit of St. George Crater. During the press conference, the astronauts answered questions pertaining to several technical and non-technical aspects of the mission prepared and listed by priority at the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston by journalists covering the flight. plane-change maneuver and some orbital science photography were deleted so that grass-like particles at the base of the panel. 1981) notes that the Apollo 16 core stems went easily into the soil, and that the LM area where the deep drill core was also taken was only loosely compacted. This is his t. The SM mass the direction of thrust of the service propulsion system engine. 02/12/2020 1 views. surface experiments package was successfully deployed, but the commander After a change in switch configuration, the LRV was working properly. Apollo 16 was The spacecraft launched from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39, Pad A, at a Range Zero 'House Rock ' 2,480C ( 4,000 and 4,500F ) the Moon GMT on April! 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Heat flow experiment emphasized that all hardware should be designed for loads the S-II engine.! After pressurizing the LM up to North Ray crater package was successfully deployed, but the commander after change.

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